FOR CLEAN NATURE

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I. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE ECONOMY

Team : XATİRE SHABEDDİNOVA's Team Student : Gulbesti

İt is advisable to implement the following measures to prevent air pollution:

<ol><li>For the purification of SO2, NOx and other air polluting gases, facilities consisting of biological means (for example, bacteria) should be created.</li><li>In addition to low-burning sulfur fuels, non-polluting or low-polluting energy sources such as solar energy and geothermal resources should be used.</li></ol>

Air Pollution 101 | National Geographic

3. Catalysts should be used to remove gases from vehicles. The population density should not be exceeded. 4. Society should be educated about the causes and consequences of air pollution.

Team : HATİCE FİLİZ CAMADAN's Team Student : Ecrin.FB

Wildfires often produce gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), water vapor (H2O), methane (CH4) and other combustion products. These gases are formed as a result of the combustion process and are released into the atmosphere. During a fire, wood, plant materials and other organic matter burn, resulting in the formation of various gases.

As a result of a volcanic eruption, the amount of sulfur dioxide in the straphosphere decreases, and therefore, the ash emitted by the eruption and temperatures in the upper part of the atmosphere will increase. The sun's reach to the earth will be blocked to a small extent and the ice sheets will melt.

Acid rain is associated with the presence of gases sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere. These gases can originate from industrial facilities, fossil fuel combustion, vehicles and some natural sources.

Dust clouds can damage respiratory tract and reduce air quality. Additionally, dust accumulation can damage various surfaces.

The term "sea vomiting" generally refers to the mass death of some organisms found in the sea. This can cause short-term damage to the marine ecosystem because the decomposition of dead organisms can lead to a decrease in oxygen. In this case, insufficient oxygen for marine creatures can be dangerous, especially for fish. Additionally, the decomposition of dying organisms can negatively impact water quality. However, it is important to note that such events are often part of natural cycles and long-term effects are usually limited.

L .&nbsp;INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES THAT CAN BE TAKEN TO PREVENT AIR POLLUTION

Team : DERYA ÖKSÜM ERDOĞAN's Team Student : Melike.15T

Air pollution is divided into two according to its sources: Natural resources and Artificial Resources

This pollution, which consists of human-induced activities, varies depending on factors such as industrial development, population and urbanization status of the region. Meteorological factors, location and topographic structure, unplanned urbanization, lack of sufficient green areas and the quality of the fuels used are the factors that affect pollution from artificial sources.

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D.&nbsp;GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Team : AHSEN TUĞÇE KESER's Team Student : İSMAİL

The greenhouse effect is the warming of the Earth due to the reflection of the rays coming to the Earth back to the Earth by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour. Greenhouse gases increase due to the burning of fossil fuels, gases from factory chimneys and many human activities. The greenhouse effect causes the surface temperature of the earth to increase, climates to change, the poles to melt and the ecological balance of animals to deteriorate. If we want a habitable world for future generations, we must avoid things that cause the greenhouse effect.

J.&nbsp;EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Team : ELİSO KUPATADZE's Team Student : Goga.TR

How smog, soot, greenhouse gases, and other top air pollutants are affecting the planet—and your health.

Air pollution&nbsp;refers to the release of pollutants into the air—pollutants that are detrimental to human health and the planet as a whole. According to the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/air-pollution--the-invisible-health-threat" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(23, 149, 141);">World Health Organization (WHO</a>), each year, indoor and outdoor air pollution is responsible for nearly seven million deaths around the globe. Ninety-nine percent of human beings currently breathe air that exceeds the WHO’s guideline limits for pollutants, with those living in low- and middle-income countries suffering the most. In the United States, the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/clean-air-act-101" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(23, 149, 141);">Clean Air Act</a>, established in 1970, authorizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to safeguard public health by regulating the emissions of these harmful air pollutants.

H.&nbsp;EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH

Fossil Fuels 

THE LESS WE BURN FOSSIL FUELS, THE MORE THE EARTH EARNS

a.&nbsp;Factors Causing Air Pollution b.&nbsp;Natural Air Pollutants c. Acid Rain d.&nbsp;Greenhouse Effect e.&nbsp;Global Warming f .&nbsp;Depletion of the Ozone Layer g.&nbsp;Fossil fuels h.Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health I.&nbsp;Effects of Air Pollution on the Economy j .&nbsp;Effects of air pollution on the environment k.&nbsp;Individual Precautions That Can Be Taken to Prevent Air Pollution l.&nbsp;Institutional Measures That Can Be Taken to Prevent Air Pollution m. Utilized resources

a.(Yaren. MTAL)KADRİYE SİBEL SERTAKAN b.(Melinay.FB) HATİCE FİLİZ CAMADAN c. (Nuray.9V)MAHLUGA BABAYEVA d.(Bahadır) AHSEN TUĞÇE KESER e.(Belkız.ÇFL) SUNAY ALTAN f .(Nuray.Sh)NİGAR MEHDİYEVA g.(Nil.Nil.KFL) PELİN YUMUŞAK h.(Halime.15) SADİYE DEMİR İPEK I.&nbsp;(Gülbesti)XATİRE SHABEDDİNOVA j.(Goga.Tr)&nbsp;ELİSO KUPATADZE k.(Sibel.zarife) ZAHİDE ZARİFE ÇELTİK l.(Melike.15T) DERYA ÖKSÜM ERDOĞAN

Team : MAHLUGA BABAYEVA's Team Student : Nuray.9V

Ozone depletion and climate change are linked in a number of ways, but ozone depletion is not a major cause of climate change. Atmospheric ozone has two effects on the temperature balance of the Earth. It absorbs solar ultraviolet radiation, which heats the stratosphere. It also absorbs infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, effectively trapping heat in the troposphere. Therefore, the climate impact of changes in ozone concentrations varies with the altitude at which these ozone changes occur. The major ozone losses that have been observed in the lower stratosphere due to the human-produced chlorine- and bromine-containing gases have a cooling effect on the Earth's surface. On the other hand, the ozone increases that are estimated to have occurred in the troposphere because of surface-pollution gases have a warming effect on the Earth's surface, thereby contributing to the "greenhouse" effect.

The main reason for the pollution of the air basin of the cities was the fact that the equipment and facilities were not changed in a period of nearly 50 years, the nature protection measures intended for the protection of the atmosphere were not implemented, the financial resources spent on environmental protection were low or the money allocated to the contrary was not appropriated.

The use of fuel oil instead of natural gas in thermal power plants and heating centers, especially in many cases, fuel oil with a high percentage of sulfur, has intensified the pollution of the atmosphere. In the early years of independence, despite the shutdown of most industries, air pollution remained severe as no funds were allocated for the repair and rehabilitation of air control facilities

A.&nbsp;FACTORS CAUSING AIR POLLUTION

Team : KADRİYE SİBEL SERTAKAN's Team Student : Yaren. MTAL

Team : AHSEN TUĞÇE KESER's Team Student : BAHADIR

The greenhouse effect is the process through which heat is trapped near Earth's surface by substances known as greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases consist of carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and water vapor. Greenhouse gases are part of Earth's atmosphere. This is why Earth is often called the 'Goldilocks' planet – its conditions are just right, not too hot or too cold, allowing life to thrive. Part of what makes Earth so amenable is its natural greenhouse effect, which maintains an average temperature of 15 °C. However, in the last century, human activities, primarily from burning fossil fuels that have led to the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, have disrupted Earth's energy balance. This has led to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and ocean. The level of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has been rising consistently for decades and traps extra heat near Earth's surface, causing temperatures to rise.

Team : AHSEN TUĞÇE KESER's Team Student : EGE

Greenhouse effect The retention of the rays reflected from the sun by the gases in the world is called the greenhouse effect. Factors such as the increase in carbon dioxide gas and the thinning and depletion of the ozone layer surrounding the world cause overheating in the air. Consequences of the Greenhouse Effect 1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Glaciers will continue to melt faster and faster. This may cause coastal areas to be flooded. 2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Temperature increases cause large-scale fires. 3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; It directly affects human health; Increases are observed in many different diseases such as respiratory, heart and allergy. 4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; It causes water resources to decrease. 5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; It causes confusion in the migration calendars of animals. 6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Winter months are warm. It causes spring to arrive earlier and autumn to arrive later. 7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Decrease in the amount of drinking water around the world. 8.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; It causes coastal areas to be exposed to floods due to rapidly melting glaciers. 9.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; It causes epidemic diseases to spread more easily. 10.&nbsp;&nbsp; It increases the risk of landslides. 11.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It causes abnormal changes in the migration periods of animals. What should we do? We must reduce fosil fuel production, consumption and pollution by increasing the use of clean energy, renewable energy sources and energy efficient technologies. We must make greater use of carbon capture, storage and utilization technologies. We must prevent deforestation and reduce food waste. In summary, if we take a good look at the world and the future, we can break the greenhouse effect.

J.&nbsp;EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Effects of Air Pollution Air pollution affects all things. It is harmful to our health, and it impacts the environment by reducing visibility and blocking sunlight, causing acid rain, and harming forests, wildlife, and agriculture. Greenhouse gas pollution, the cause of climate change, affects the entire planet.

Harming Animals and Plants Wildlife can experience many of the same negative health effects of air pollution that humans do. Damage to respiratory systems is the most common effect on animals, but neurological problems and skin irritations are also common.

Harming Human Health According to the, an estimated seven million people die each year from air pollution. More than 4,000 people died in just a few months due to a severe smog event that occurred in London in 1952.&nbsp;<a href="https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/air-quality/ozone-troposphere" style="color: rgb(5, 29, 102); background-color: rgb(43, 238, 124);">Ground-level ozone</a>&nbsp;causes muscles in the lungs to contract, making it difficult to breathe. Exposure to high ozone levels can cause sore throat, coughing, lung inflammation, and permanent lung damage.

Reducing Sunlight High levels of particulate pollution from all types of burning reduces the amount of sunlight that reaches the surface and even changes&nbsp;<a href="https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/atmosphere/appearance-sky" style="background-color: rgb(30, 174, 165); color: rgb(5, 29, 102);">the appearance of the sky</a>. When less sunlight is available for photosynthesis, forests grow at a slower rate and crops are less productive. Hazy skies not only reduce visibility, but also impact the&nbsp;<a href="https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/air-quality/how-weather-affects-air-quality" style="background-color: rgb(30, 174, 165); color: rgb(5, 29, 102);">weather</a>&nbsp;and even the&nbsp;<a href="https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/air-quality/air-quality-and-climate-change" style="background-color: rgb(30, 174, 165); color: rgb(5, 29, 102);">climate</a>.

* Natural gas should be preferred as fuel. * Increasing green areas is of great importance in the fight against air pollution. For this reason, every individual should contribute to tree planting. * Exhaust gas emission measurement should be done on time,

* Maintenance and repairs of vehicles should be done on time, * Clean fuel should be used, * Vehicle inspections should be carried out periodically,

* Passengers and cargo should not be carried beyond the vehicle capacity, * A catalytic converter must be installed in gasoline vehicles, * Public transportation should be given importance

15 Temmuz Şehitleri Kız AİHL

WHAT ARE THE HARMS OF FOSSIL FUELS? Air pollution: Fossil fuels produce air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and mercury, all of which are harmful to the environment and human health. Burning out of fossil fuels turns intosulfuric acid and nitric acids, which fall to Earth as acid rain.&nbsp;Fossil fuels also contain radioactive materials, mainly uranium and thorium, which are released into the atmosphere.&nbsp; Water pollution:In wells to destoy fossil fuels, there can be materials such as arsenic, lead, chlorine, and mercury that can pollute groundwater and drinking water. Oil refineries also have negative environmental effects, including air and water pollution. Global warming: One of the main by-products of fossil fuel burn out is carbo dioxide&nbsp;(CO2). It is a greenhouse gas and it heats the Earth’s temprature. Health problems: Particulates&nbsp;and other air pollution from fossil fuel burning out cause illness and death when inhaled. These health effects include premature death, acute respiratory illness, aggravated asthma, chronic bronchitis and decreased lung function. Some individuals, like babies, young children and the elderly are at a higher risk for breathing complications. Burning fosil fuels creates climate change and releases pollutants that lead to early death, heart attacks, respiratory disorders, stroke, asthma, and absenteeism at school and work. It has also been linked to autism spectrum disorder and Alzheimer’s disease.

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This book is a collaborative product of the January-1 month of the 'For Clean Nature' project. Subject :&nbsp;Air Pollution Task :&nbsp;The main topic is “Air Pollution”. This topic is divided into 12 subheadings. Each subheading was shared among the teams. As a team, they researched topic and all the research results were collected in this ebook. Instruction&nbsp;:This ebook created by Sadiye DEMİR İPEK . The ebook was completed by entering the joint account taken on behalf of the project.

J.&nbsp;EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT

One of the main sources of atmospheric air pollution is transportation vehicles. Nowadays, many developed countries have adopted Euro standards in order to ensure safe use of natural resources and to protect the external environment. In order to prevent the pollution of the atmospheric air and to make effective use of natural resources, technologies that improve energy efficiency can provide a continuous source of energy. It has received a wide range of uses from various alternative energy sources (electric, solar, biogas, biomass, geothermal, hydroelectricity).

Experts believe that the most dangerous and unpleasant air pollution is smog, which is a mixture of gas, smoke, fog and dust. Smog, which is formed by the condensation of water vapor around small smoke particles is especially characteristic of areas with heavy traffic in large industrial cities. The most toxic gas contained in smog is carbon monoxide emitted by cars. During smog, there is a severe concentration of harmful substances in the air, which sometimes results in death.

Team : NİGAR MEHDİYEVA's Team Student : NuraySh

F .&nbsp;DEPLETION OF THE OZONE LAYER Ozone Layer The ozone layer is a thin part of Earth's atmosphere that absorbs almost all of the sun's harmful ultraviolet light. "Ozone holes" are popular names for areas of damage to the ozone layer. This is inaccurate. Ozone layer damage is more like a really thin patch than a hole.

B.&nbsp;NATURAL AİR POLLUTANTS

Team : HATİCE FİLİZ CAMADAN's Team Student : Irmms.Mngn, Erhan.Kllk, Emirhan.FB

Team : AHSEN TUĞÇE KESER's Team Student : SENANUR

The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases in a planet'satmosphere trap some of the heatemitted from th eplanet's surface, raising its temperature. The Earth is heatedbykeepingtheSun'sraysreflectedbytheearth'ssurface in theatmosphere. These rays; water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrousoxide (N20) andozone (O3) as a result of the retention of greenhouse gases, the warming of the Earth is defined as the greenhouse effect. Earth'saverage temperature is about 14°C. But if Earth had noatmosphere, the average temperature would be around - 18°C. Sogreenhouse gases make the Earth about 32°C warmer. The refore, greenhouse gases are need edfor the temperature of the Earth to be at a certainlevelandfornatural life to continue. Human activities lead to an unnaturalincrease in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which in turncause global warming and climate change. This means that our planet will become uninhabitable. There fore, precautionsshould be taken for this situation.

Team : SUNAY ALTAN's Team Student : Berkin ÇFL

One of the biggest problems facing the world today is global warming. Many scientists believe that our production of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is having a heating effect on the atmosphere, and this could be very dangerous for human life. This essay will examine the problem of global warming and suggest some ways of solving the problem. Many problems could result from global warming. One of the biggest problems is rising sea level. This could result in the flooding of low lying coastal areas and cities, such as Egypt, the Netherlands, and Bangladesh. Some countries might even disappear completely! Another problem caused by global warming is changes in weather patterns. Many areas of the world are experiencing increased hurricanes, floods, and other unusual weather. A third problem associated with global warming is the effect on animals. Fish populations could be affected, while some insects which spread disease might become more common. There are several things we can do to solve the problem of global warming. One solution is to stop producing CO2. We can do this by switching from oil, coal and gas to renewable energy. Another solution is to plant more trees. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen, which is not a greenhouse gas. A third solution is to use less energy and to recycle more products. Generating electricity is one of the main sources of carbon dioxide. If we use less electricity, we will produce less CO2. In conclusion, if we make small changes now in the way we live, we can avoid huge changes in the future. Scientists, governments and individuals must work together to overcome this threat.

Team : PELİN YUMUŞAK's Team Student : nil.nil KFL

•They are fuels containing high amounts of carbon that are formed over a long period of time from dying microorganisms Type of Fossil Fuels: 1)Rock Oil: It is extracted from underground and used in transportation. 2)Natural Gas: It is formed as a result of organic matter residues remaining underground. 3)Coal: It is in solid form. It consists of carbon. For example, hard coal. More than 50 percent of a piece of coal’s weight must be from&nbsp;fossilized&nbsp;plants. Where do we use fossil fuels? •Fuel in transportation						 		 •In electricity production •As raw material 											 •For heating at home Fossil Fuel is a non-renewable resource and is very harmful to the environment because of the carbon atom it contains.

It is a multifaceted and mutually influencing relationship with industry, which is one of the main sectors of development, and in addition to the positive results created by this interaction, if precautions are not taken in terms of environmental protection and appropriate technologies are not used, the problem of pollution arises, which has negative consequences on the environment, gradually leading to the destruction of resources and rapid pollution of the environment. and causes the benefits expected from the industrial sector to gradually decrease. What should we do to prevent or reduce industrial air pollution:

K.&nbsp;INDIVIDUAL PRECAUTIONS THAT CAN BE TAKEN TO PREVENT AIR POLLUTION

Reducing pollution There are many things you can do to reduce your impact on the environment. If we all use energy, transport and other goods and services more carefully, we can reduce harmful emissions to our air, land and water. Everyday choices have the power to make a difference, and help protect our environment for a clean and sustainable future. What can you do? Be a part of the solution to pollution. The choices that we make every day can help to make a difference. Here are some simple steps you can take: <ol><li>Commute smart by walking or riding to work or the shops instead of driving. Motor vehicle emissions remain the most significant source of most common air pollutants.</li><li>Choose a fuel-efficient vehicle next time you are replacing your car.</li><li>Save energy, by turning off the television and make sure you flick the light switch when you leave the room. Not only will you save money on your electricity bill, you will be reducing emissions from coal-fired electricity plants.</li><li>Buy energy -efficient appliances. Check the energy rating label when buying new or second hand electrical appliances. More stars mean less emissions. </li><li>Use environmentally friendly cleaning products. Phosporus in detergents increases nutrient loads in rivers and can cause excessive algal growth. Never pour chemicals or fertilisers down the drain as they get washed into stormwater drains and into rivers or the ocean.</li></ol>

Team : ZAHİDE ZARİFE ÇELTİK's Team Students : Sibel.Zarife /Ömer.Zarife/Turan.Zarife

Team : SUNAY ALTAN's Team Student : Belkıs ÇFL

Fossil fuels – coal, oil and gas – are by far&nbsp;the largest contributor to global climate change, accounting for over 75 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 90 per cent of all carbon dioxide emissions. As greenhouse gas emissions blanket the Earth, they trap the sun’s heat. This leads to global warming and climate change. The world is now warming faster than at any point in recorded history. Warmer temperatures over time are changing weather patterns and disrupting the usual balance of nature. This poses many risks to human beings and all other forms of life on Earth.

Team : SADİYE DEMİR İPEK's Team Student : Halime.15

Team : SUNAY ALTAN's Team Student : Kemal Efe ÇFL

Global warming is the gradual increase in Earth's average temperature, primarily caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This leads to the buildup of greenhouse gases, trapping heat in the atmosphere and resulting in adverse effects such as climate change, rising sea levels, and extreme weather events.

We can do a lot of things individually to prevent the air pollution

Utilized resources

<ol><li> https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hava_kirlili%C4%9Fi</li><li>https://kiathm.csb.gov.tr/hava-kalitesi/hava-kirliligine-etki-eden-faktorler/</li><li>https://www.eea.europa.eu/en</li><li>https://hava-kirliligine-neden-olan-gazlar.nedir.org/</li><li>https://bilimgenc.tubitak.gov.tr/makale/asit-yagmuru-nasil-olusur</li><li>https://evrimagaci.org/asit-yagmuru-nedir-zararli-bir-doga-olayi-olan-asit-yagmuru-nasil-onlenebilir-14960</li><li>9th grade chemistry textbook (Hecce Publications)</li><li>9th grade chemistry textbook (MEB Publications)</li><li>https://www.ttb.org.tr/haberarsiv_goster.php?Guid=66d9288a-9232-11e7-b66d-1540034f819c</li></ol>

In comparison to the effects of changes in other atmospheric gases, the effects of both of these ozone changes are difficult to calculate accurately. In the image below, the upper ranges of possible effects from the ozone changes are indicated by the open bars, and the lower ranges are indicated by the solid bars. As shown in the figure, the increase in carbon dioxide is the major contributor to climate change. Carbon dioxide concentrations are increasing in the atmosphere primarily as the result of the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy and transportation. The atmospheric abundance of carbon dioxide is currently about 30% above what it was 150 years ago. The relative impacts on climate of various other "greenhouse" gases are also shown on the figure. There is an additional factor that indirectly links ozone depletion to climate change; namely, many of the same gases that are causing ozone depletion are also contributing to climate change. These gases, such as the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), are greenhouse gases, absorbing some of the infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, thereby effectively heating the Earth's surface.

Team : AHSEN TUĞÇE KESER's Team Student : GÖZDE

The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth's surface. It occurs when the sun's energy reaches the Earth's atmosphere and some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases.The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth.Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases, enhanced the natural greenhouse effect and led to global warming.The Earth has experienced natural climate variations throughout its history, with periods of both warmer and cooler temperatures. However, the current rate of temperature increase is unprecedented and largely attributed to human...

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FOR CLEAN NATURE eTwinning Project January 2023

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